TEC 2204 WORKSHOP PRACTICE : Civil engineering Part
Block laying and concrete mixing:
Cement: is a material that has adhesive and cohesive properties necessary to bond inert aggregate into a solid mass to adequate strength and durability.
Types of cement:
- Ordinary Portland cement
- Higher alumina cement
- Rapid hardening Portland cement
- Extra rapid hardening Portland cement Color cement
- Fire resistant Portland cement
- Super sulphate resistant cement
Foundation: is the lowest part of a building.
Types of foundation:
There are two types of foundation that is natural and artificial foundation.
- Natural foundation: is laying in rock.
- Artificial foundation: is laying in the ground.
Forms of foundation:
The major forms of foundation are:
1. strip
2. Raft
3. Pad
4. Pile and beam
a. Form work: is a temporary structure which control the shape size and alignment of a fresh concrete.
b. Concrete: is the combination of cement sand aggregate mixed together with water to produce a solid mass.
c. Curing: is the process of keeping new concrete under moisture condition. The minimum days of curing is 28 days.
d. Wall: is a vertical structure which support the vertical, horizontal and distribute load to the ground. Most of the walls are constructed using rock, stones and blocks.
e. Ladder: is used in of loading or onloading of materials from the ground.
f. Hand pan: is used for measuring sand and for carrying materials such as concrete, cement, aggregate etc.
g. Spade and shovel: spade is used for transferring sand, cement or stone particles from one place to another.
f. Motor: is the mixture of sand, cement and water.
g. Hand trowel: is used for spreading plaster during plastering and also used for laying motor during construction of wood.
h. Wheelbarrow: is used for carrying materials from one place to another.
i. Sprite level: is used for checking the angle of walls and corner. It may be made up of metal or wood with straight edge. it has three (3) spirite: tubles and Glass for labelling.
j. Building square / steel square: is used for checking the angles of wall and Corner for 90°. it is marked in mm and measured by 600 mm by 450 mm .
k. Digger: is used for digging hole in the foundation tranch in the site.
l. Builders line / line and pin: this line is usually made up of nylon or hemp. it is used in order to measure a line or 90° of a building square.
joinery is the act of connecting timbers to form structure. it is used to connect a wooden part, and it is the act of deal with making a chair, bed, desk, table, etc
2. Steel Nail
3. Glue (adhesive)
4. Screw
5. Bolt and nut
Timber: is a wooden material obtained from a tree after its full growth.
Process in timber making:
1. Timber processing
2. Seasoning
3. Cutting down a tree
4. Conversion into logs
5. Preservation
Seasoning: this is divided into two namely, natural and artificial seasoning
Natural seasoning: is the method of seasoning that a trees after been converted into logs, battens, planks etc, are been preserved by removing moisture naturally before arranging it into a cross process, once upon another.
Artificial seasoning: is a process of drying a timber under a control condition. It is the quickest process, it keeps moisture content under control of temperature and humidity condition with proper air circulation.
Conversion of timber: Is a process in which timber is saw into logs and market size such as beam batten, plank.
Preservation of timber: Is a process used to preserve timber from insects and decay, chemical preservation is used to increase the lifespan of timber and make it durable.
Advantages of timber:
1. It is less cost
2. It is easily convertible
3. It is available in market
4. It can be transported quickly
5. It is not a conductor of heat and electricity
Size of timber:
50 by 50 mm, 50 by 75 mm, 50 by 100 mm, 50 by 150 mm.
the normal length of log is equal to 3.6 millimeter.
2. Cutting and plane tools:
3. Impelling tools:
4. Boring tools:
5. cramping and holding tools:
6. miscellaneous tools:
Plumbing uses valves, pipes and fittings
plumber is a trade person who specialize in installing and maintaining system to provide use and portable drinking water supply, sewage disposal, oil refineries, food processing, plants, chemicals and power systems.
Materials used in plumbing:
Materials can either be GI (galvanized iron), CI (cast iron), plastic or made up of steel, copper, aluminium, rubber, etc.
a. pipe: GI pipe (galvanised iron pipe), CI pipe (cast iron pipe), plastic PVC (polyvinyl chloride), steel pipe, aluminium pipe, lead pipe, copper and brass.
b. Trap: S- trap, P- trap, Bottle trap.
c. Tap: Bib tap and Piller tap.
d. measuring tape.
e. gum.
f. Ferule.
a. Pipe: is a cylindrical hollow cylinder and is used for transporting various fluids such as water, gas, oil from one place to another. GI for carrying water, gas, steam at low pressure, examples: brass and copper iron. CI for transporting of water, gas and also for drainage because of it is resistance to shock. PVC for carrying water, steel is used for high pressure transportation.
b. Trap: is a sanitary fittings provides at the end of a soil, pipe or waste pipe to prevent the passage of foul gas through it. Bottle Trap is an essential element of bathing plumbing, to keep the bathroom hygienic and odour free.
c. Tap: is used for domestic water supply purposes. It regulates the flow of water.
d. Measuring tape: is used for measuring length of a pipe.
e. Gum: is used to join a pipe system in PVC.
f. Ferule: is used to control the flow of water.
g. Saddle: is used to support the pipe by transmitting the Load or force an adjacent structure.
h. Get valve: is used for controlling the flow of water.
Tools used in plumbing:
a. vice: is used for holding pipes, for making various works such as threading or cutting. There are two types: Standing vice and chain vice.
b. Stock and dice: is used for making external thread on pipes. There are two types: Ratchet Deseder stocks and solid stock and dies.
c. hacksaw: is used for cutting pipes.
d. Pipe wrench: is used for tightening or turning fittings on pipes. it have movable and fixed jaws.
e. Pipe Cutter: is used for cutting pipe. It is more stronger than hacksaw.
f. Chisel and hammer: used for making hole and drilling on pipes.
The major forms of foundation are:
1. strip
2. Raft
3. Pad
4. Pile and beam
a. Form work: is a temporary structure which control the shape size and alignment of a fresh concrete.
b. Concrete: is the combination of cement sand aggregate mixed together with water to produce a solid mass.
c. Curing: is the process of keeping new concrete under moisture condition. The minimum days of curing is 28 days.
d. Wall: is a vertical structure which support the vertical, horizontal and distribute load to the ground. Most of the walls are constructed using rock, stones and blocks.
e. Ladder: is used in of loading or onloading of materials from the ground.
f. Hand pan: is used for measuring sand and for carrying materials such as concrete, cement, aggregate etc.
g. Spade and shovel: spade is used for transferring sand, cement or stone particles from one place to another.
f. Motor: is the mixture of sand, cement and water.
g. Hand trowel: is used for spreading plaster during plastering and also used for laying motor during construction of wood.
h. Wheelbarrow: is used for carrying materials from one place to another.
i. Sprite level: is used for checking the angle of walls and corner. It may be made up of metal or wood with straight edge. it has three (3) spirite: tubles and Glass for labelling.
j. Building square / steel square: is used for checking the angles of wall and Corner for 90°. it is marked in mm and measured by 600 mm by 450 mm .
k. Digger: is used for digging hole in the foundation tranch in the site.
l. Builders line / line and pin: this line is usually made up of nylon or hemp. it is used in order to measure a line or 90° of a building square.
Carpentry and joinery:
Carpentry is a track of cutting and joining timber in order to construct a building or any structure. carpentry deals with making a roof, scaffold, petition or form work.joinery is the act of connecting timbers to form structure. it is used to connect a wooden part, and it is the act of deal with making a chair, bed, desk, table, etc
Materials used in carpentry:
1. Timber2. Steel Nail
3. Glue (adhesive)
4. Screw
5. Bolt and nut
Timber: is a wooden material obtained from a tree after its full growth.
Process in timber making:
1. Timber processing
2. Seasoning
3. Cutting down a tree
4. Conversion into logs
5. Preservation
Seasoning: this is divided into two namely, natural and artificial seasoning
Natural seasoning: is the method of seasoning that a trees after been converted into logs, battens, planks etc, are been preserved by removing moisture naturally before arranging it into a cross process, once upon another.
Artificial seasoning: is a process of drying a timber under a control condition. It is the quickest process, it keeps moisture content under control of temperature and humidity condition with proper air circulation.
Conversion of timber: Is a process in which timber is saw into logs and market size such as beam batten, plank.
Preservation of timber: Is a process used to preserve timber from insects and decay, chemical preservation is used to increase the lifespan of timber and make it durable.
Advantages of timber:
1. It is less cost
2. It is easily convertible
3. It is available in market
4. It can be transported quickly
5. It is not a conductor of heat and electricity
Size of timber:
50 by 50 mm, 50 by 75 mm, 50 by 100 mm, 50 by 150 mm.
the normal length of log is equal to 3.6 millimeter.
Tools used in carpentry and joinery:
1. Marking and setting out tools:- Measuring tape
- Pencil
- T-square
- Pegs
2. Cutting and plane tools:
- Saw
- Chisel
- Jack plane
- sand paper
- The three most types of saw are:
- Hack Saw
- Ripsaw
- Dove tail
3. Impelling tools:
- Hammer
- Mallet
- Screwdriver
4. Boring tools:
- Ratchet brace
- Auger bit
- Screw driver
5. cramping and holding tools:
- G-cramp
- T-cramp
6. miscellaneous tools:
- Carpenter bar
- Screw driver
- Scraper
- Puncher
Plumbing:
Plumbing is any system that conveys flood for a wider range of application. in other words, plumbing is any system that connects pipes, tank, fittings in a system.Plumbing uses valves, pipes and fittings
plumber is a trade person who specialize in installing and maintaining system to provide use and portable drinking water supply, sewage disposal, oil refineries, food processing, plants, chemicals and power systems.
Materials used in plumbing:
Materials can either be GI (galvanized iron), CI (cast iron), plastic or made up of steel, copper, aluminium, rubber, etc.
a. pipe: GI pipe (galvanised iron pipe), CI pipe (cast iron pipe), plastic PVC (polyvinyl chloride), steel pipe, aluminium pipe, lead pipe, copper and brass.
b. Trap: S- trap, P- trap, Bottle trap.
c. Tap: Bib tap and Piller tap.
d. measuring tape.
e. gum.
f. Ferule.
a. Pipe: is a cylindrical hollow cylinder and is used for transporting various fluids such as water, gas, oil from one place to another. GI for carrying water, gas, steam at low pressure, examples: brass and copper iron. CI for transporting of water, gas and also for drainage because of it is resistance to shock. PVC for carrying water, steel is used for high pressure transportation.
b. Trap: is a sanitary fittings provides at the end of a soil, pipe or waste pipe to prevent the passage of foul gas through it. Bottle Trap is an essential element of bathing plumbing, to keep the bathroom hygienic and odour free.
c. Tap: is used for domestic water supply purposes. It regulates the flow of water.
d. Measuring tape: is used for measuring length of a pipe.
e. Gum: is used to join a pipe system in PVC.
f. Ferule: is used to control the flow of water.
g. Saddle: is used to support the pipe by transmitting the Load or force an adjacent structure.
h. Get valve: is used for controlling the flow of water.
Tools used in plumbing:
a. vice: is used for holding pipes, for making various works such as threading or cutting. There are two types: Standing vice and chain vice.
b. Stock and dice: is used for making external thread on pipes. There are two types: Ratchet Deseder stocks and solid stock and dies.
c. hacksaw: is used for cutting pipes.
d. Pipe wrench: is used for tightening or turning fittings on pipes. it have movable and fixed jaws.
e. Pipe Cutter: is used for cutting pipe. It is more stronger than hacksaw.
f. Chisel and hammer: used for making hole and drilling on pipes.
Fittings used in plumbing:
a. Elbowb. Tee
c. Cross
d. Reducing elbow and tea
e. Cap and plug
f. Nipple
g. Socket
h. Union
a. Elbow: is used to join two pipes at different junction.
b. Tee: is used to join pipes and split water.
c. Cross: is used to join four (4) pipes and split the water.
d. Reducing elbow, tee, socket, bush: are used to reduce the size of a pipe.
e. Cap and plug: cap is used to terminate the flow of water by inserting plug in it.
f. Nipple: is used to connect two pipes, cap and plug. it consists of two threads. It is used for maintenance.
g. Union: is used to connect two pipes together.
h. Socket: is used to connect pipes together of the same diameter only. Example: GI Pipes.
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